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TIME: Almanac 1995
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1995-02-26
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<text id=94TT1749>
<title>
Dec. 12, 1994: Music:The Shock of the Old
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
Dec. 12, 1994 To the Dogs
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
THE ARTS & MEDIA/MUSIC, Page 99
The Shock of the Old
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Conducting an orchestra playing original instruments, John Eliot
Gardiner finds the revolutionary in Beethoven
</p>
<p>By Michael Walsh
</p>
<p> What did Beethoven's symphonies sound like to Beethoven? The
composer was deaf for most of his creative life, so he heard
his music in his head, but what sounds was he imagining as he
wrote a score? And what did the music sound like to his listeners,
before whose astonished ears Beethoven shattered the boundaries
of the classical style and thus created the foundation of the
modern orchestral repertoire?
</p>
<p> In their splendid new recording of Beethoven's nine symphonies
on the Archiv label, English conductor John Eliot Gardiner and
his Orchestre Revolutionnaire et Romantique aim to recreate
the music of Beethoven as his audience experienced it. The brilliant
and incisive Gardiner stands in the forefront of the original-instruments
movement, whose adherents employ period instruments (originals
and replicas) and the latest textual scholarship in order to
play music as closely as possible to the way it was first heard.
Having begun with the Baroque era, the movement has progressed
to the 19th century. Gardiner already has a revelatory version
of Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique (1828) to his credit.
</p>
<p> The Beethoven symphonies are his most ambitious project yet.
The nine--which cover a technical and emotional range unmatched
by the work of any other composer--are the bedrock of the
conductor's art, and rare is the maestro who has not committed
the cycle to disk at least once. Gardiner, however, has set
out to do something different with these familiar pieces.
</p>
<p> We tend to hear Beethoven today as the precursor to the Romantics.
Gardiner takes the opposite tack; for him, Beethoven is the
natural successor to the classical school of Haydn (his teacher)
and Mozart. After all, Beethoven did not know Bruckner and Mahler
were on their way, but he certainly did know the music of his
time, and Gardiner reveals (and revels in) Beethoven's links
to it. In place of the weighty textures and stately pace that
mark modern interpretations, Gardiner offers a Haydn-like sprightliness.
</p>
<p> For the past 150 years or so, as steel-stringed fiddles and
machine-tooled valve horns replaced their forebears, the orchestra
has achieved a golden sheen but at the expense of clarity. Instruments
that are perfect for late-19th century music do not necessarily
suit 18th century compositions, not even those of Beethoven,
who straddles the two eras. "Later instruments have a way of
blurring the edges of the music," explains Gardiner. With original
instruments, he says, "what you lose in opulence, you gain in
extra transparency."
</p>
<p> Another result of the modernization of instruments is that tempos
have become slower than Beethoven intended. The strings of his
time simply could not sustain chords as long as the instruments
of today can. Gardiner takes Beethoven's metronome markings--once scorned as impossibly brisk--at face value. The performances
are therefore far nimbler than is typical, but such is the virtuosity
of Gardiner's 60-piece orchestra that the music never seems
rushed or scrambled. Listen, for example, to the famous finale
of the Ninth Symphony. The "Turkish march" usually sounds like
an inappropriately comic intrusion in an otherwise profound
movement. Gardiner takes the passage nearly twice as fast as
most other conductors do, and as a result it sounds fitting,
a natural outgrowth of the period's fascination with martial
Janissary music.
</p>
<p> This refreshing approach distinguishes the whole set. The Fifth
Symphony speeds along inexorably, while the exultant Seventh,
with valveless horns soaring at the top of their range, shouts
its joy to the heavens. The more carefree, underappreciated
even-numbered symphonies--especially the gentle Fourth, the
pastoral Sixth and the unbuttoned Eighth--emerge as showcases
for Beethoven's wit, erudition and command of his form.
</p>
<p> The real winner, though, is the Third Symphony. Shorn of its
"traditional" portentousness, the "Eroica" stands revealed as
the innovative, avant-garde piece it really is. It has long
been a cliche that in this work, twice the length of any symphony
before it, Beethoven threw off the shackles of the 18th century.
And he did. But the magnitude of his achievement is obscured
if we view the Third simply as a primitive version of the full-blown
Romanticism that followed. Gardiner forces us to compare this
and all the symphonies with what came before them, not what
came after. "I believe the use of period instruments helps us
not only to hear more in ((Beethoven's)) symphonies," he says,
but "serves also to reinforce the revolutionary side of his
genius." We listen to the music as it was when it was new, in
all its terror and wonder.
</p></body>
</article>
</text>